The impact of reward on employee performance: a case study of Malakand private school

Purpose: The aim of this study is to investigate how to employee performance impact on reward in private school. The study also aims to show how to employee improve the performance has in reward system.Design/methodology/approach: Questionnaire is used as instrument and 100 questionnaires were used to check the respondent's opinion Findings: descriptive analysis, correlation and multiple regression tests were applied for data analysis.Conclution: study concludes that there is positive relationship between rewards (extrinsic and intrinsic) and employee's job performance. Most of the organizations implement rewards system to increase the job performance and job satisfaction. Originality/value: By reviewing the different finding that the reward and employee performance. the contribution of this paper is to look at how to finding the effective solution of employee performance will be in reward system inter-organisational and school.Study of paper: The study of this paper is exploratry is qualitative study of research

Factors Affecting Bankers’ Behavioral Intention to Adopt Green Banking: An Empirical Analysis of Banks in Pakistan

The global temperature has reached its highest level since the start of the industrial revolution, which is the major cause of global warming. Global warming has become one of the gravest problem now a days as it has considerable influences over markets, societies and economies. For sustainable environment management, remarkable efforts are carried out across the world and every institution is playing its role towards minimizing its impact on the environment. From financial institutions, banking sector is playing an important role in this regard. Banking sector has introduced a concept of Green Banking (GB). State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) has recently issued guidelines regarding the adoption of green banking. This study attempts to identify the factors which affect bankers’ intension to adopt green banking. This study would prove to be helpful in identifying the most influencing factors towards adoption of green banking practices and in developing policies towards its adoption in Pakistan. Structured questionnaire based on a 7 point Likert scale as used for data collection from a sample of 300 respondents. Regression analysis was used to check the association among the variables. The result of study shows that all independent variables of study have shown significant association with dependent variable. Which means to some extent every independent factor is playing role in affecting bankers’ behavioral intension to adopt green banking. Result shows that perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use contribute more in predicting the Attitude toward use, which along with effort expectancy and performance expectancy are major contributing factors towards behavioral intention to adopt green banking practices

An Empirical Study on the Impact of Micro-Credit Financing on the Socio-Economic Status of Small Agriculturists in Pakistan

This study empirically studies the impacts of micro-credit finance on the socio-economic status of small agriculturists in Pakistan. Little research has been conducted in this area in Pakistan. The data was gathered from 693 micro-credit finance participants and non-participants, at a 2 to 3 ratio, through an adapted questionnaire from the 8-clusters out of 12 clusters of 36 districts of Punjab using the cluster sampling technique. A survey was organized to perform the investigation in which two close-ended structured questionnaires were developed to collect data from the small agriculturists who owned less than twelve and a half acres of land. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the results of the study. Various statistical tests, such as EFA, SEM, KMO, ANOVA tests, etc., were used to test the expected hypothesis of the study and to confirm the affinity among variables. This research revealed that micro-credit finance has performed a positive role in developing the socio-economic status of small agriculturists after obtaining the micro-credit finance. The study indicated that micro-credit finance has played a significant role in changing and developing the socio-economic status of the respondents. Participation of small agriculturists enables the poor masses of rural areas to eradicate poverty in rural areas to enhance their living standards and to strengthen their financial conditions. The end results of the study revealed that most small agriculturists were taking benefits from micro-credit lending schemes. They also improved their socio-economic status and mitigated poverty. The findings of the study provide profound insight and should be helpful to regulators, policy makers, managers, microfinance institutions, government authorities, and all other stakeholders

Improving the performance and efficiency of wireless networks using rate adaptation

Recent years have seen a staggering increase in the deployment and utilization of wireless networks. More and more devices are being equipped with Wireless LAN (WLAN) cards to take advantage of the omnipresence of WLAN networks. Therefore, it has become necessary that the protocols used by WLANs are efficient and provide good performance. Rate Adaptation protocols are an important mechanism employed by WLANs to improve network performance. This dissertation develops three complementary techniques, which use rate adaptation to optimize and improve performance by i) performing rate adaptation to optimize energy consumption, ii) developing a more accurate technique to predict the frame delivery ratio that is used by rate adaptation protocols, and iii) jointly optimizing rate adaptation with data retransmission to maximize throughput. More specifically, in i), we use extensive measurements to develop a simple yet accurate energy consumption model for 802.11n wireless cards. We use the model to drive the design of an energy aware rate adaptation scheme. A major benefit of a model-based rate adaptation is that applying a model allows us to eliminate frequent probes required in many existing rate adaptation schemes. In ii), we find that the accuracy of existing delivery ratio calculation techniques is still limited due to bursty errors inherent to the wireless channel. We develop a new method for computing packet delivery rate that captures the burstiness of errors. Furthermore, we propose a new data interleaving technique, which leverages our framework to reduce the burstiness of errors, thereby improving frame delivery ratio. Finally, in iii), we address the susceptibility of wireless networks to transmission failures due to dynamic channel conditions and unpredictable interference. To efficiently recover from failures, we propose a retransmission scheme where the receiver combines information received from multiple failed transmissions associated with the same frame. The protocol has two distinguishing features. First, it simultaneously supports partial retransmission and combines bits with low confidence. Second, it jointly optimizes the data rate of the retransmission and the information to be retransmitted to maximize throughput.Electrical and Computer Engineerin

Political Stability and the Resolve to Save: The Case of Pakistan

Savings is potential solution to consume the scarce resources in an efficient way, which helps large scale production, improved productivity of the labor and result in increased economic development. The purpose of this study is to examine how macroeconomic indicators like GDP growth rate, income, inflation rate and interest rate affect gross national savings rate of Pakistan and how political stability influence the relationship between these four macroeconomic indicators and savings rate. Using 10 years macroeconomic data of Pakistan from year 2006-2015, multiple regression analysis technique was run and  it was found that all four macroeconomic indicators significantly affects the savings rate. Income appeared to be strongest predictor in causing an increase in the savings rate. Although GDP found to be have an inverse relationship with savings rate. Political stability appeared to be non-significant in influencing the relationship between macroeconomic factors and savings rate

Design of Event-Triggered Asynchronous H∞ Filter for Switched Systems Using the Sampled-Data Approach

The design of networked switched systems with event-based communication is attractive due to its potential to save bandwidth and energy. However, ensuring the stability and performance of networked systems with event-triggered communication and asynchronous switching is challenging due to their time-varying nature. This paper presents a novel sampled-data approach to design event-triggered asynchronous H∞ filters for networked switched systems. Unlike most existing event-based filtering results, which either design the event-triggering scheme only or co-design the event-triggering condition and the filter, we consider that the event-triggering policy is predefined and synthesize the filter. We model the estimation error system as an event-triggered switched system with time delay and non-uniform sampling. By implementing a delay-dependent multiple Lyapunov method, we derive sufficient conditions to ensure the global asymptotic stability of the filtering error system and an H∞ performance level. The efficacy of the proposed design technique and the superiority of the filter performance is illustrated by numerical examples and by comparing the performance with a recent result

Process evaluation of integrated early child development care at private clinics in poor urban Pakistan: a mixed methods study

Background: In poor urban Pakistan, private GP clinics lack adequate services to promote early child development (ECD) care. A clinic-based contextualised ECD intervention was developed for quarterly tool-assisted counselling of mothers. Aim: To explore the experience and implementation of ECD intervention by the private care providers and clients, for further adaptation for scaling of quality ECD care, at primary level private healthcare facilities in Pakistan. Design & setting: A mixed methods approach using quantitative records review and qualitative interviews at poor urban clinics in Rawalpindi and Lahore, Pakistan. Method: Quantitative data from study-specific records were reviewed for 1242 mother–child pairs registered in the intervention. A total of 18 semi-structured interviews with clinic staff, mothers, and research staff were conducted at four clinics. The interviews were audiorecorded and transcribed verbatim. Results: District Health Office (DHO) support allowed transparent and effective selection and training of clinic providers. Public endorsement of ECD care at private clinics and the addition of community advocates promoted ECD care uptake. Clinic settings were found feasible for clinic assistants, and acceptable to mothers, for counselling sessions. Mothers found ECD counselling methods more engaging compared to the usual care provided. Conclusion: In poor urban settings where public health care is scarce, minimal programme investment on staff training and provision of minor equipment can engage private clinics effectively in delivering ECD care

Analysis and Design of Secure Sampled-Data Control Subject to Denial-of-Service Attacks

This study addresses the issue of secure control design for cyber-physical systems (CPS) against denial of service (DoS) attacks. We take into account a continuous-time linear system with a convex quadratic performance measure and a sampled linear state feedback control. DoS attacks impose constraints on the CPS, where packets may be jammed between the sensor and controller by a malicious entity, potentially resulting in system instability and performance degradation. We assume that the attacker can perform DoS attacks with a limited time and frequency due to energy restrictions. We devise an efficient procedure using the linear matrix inequality approach to compute an upper bound on the performance degradation brought on by the DoS attack. We also propose a redesign of the controller to minimize this performance degradation. Finally, a simulation example illustrates the computation of the performance degradation under a bounded DoS attack and the design of a secure controller. Simulation results show that the designed controller effectively keeps the feedback loop’s performance and stability under attack

Anticancer efficacy of perillyl alcohol-bearing PLGA microparticles

In the present study, a novel poly-lactic glycolic acid (PLGA)-based microparticle formulation of perillyl alcohol (POH) was prepared and characterized. Further, its efficacy was evaluated against di-methyl benzo anthracene-induced skin papilloma in Swiss albino mice. The characterization studies showed that POH-bearing PLGA microparticles were of the size 768 ± 215 nm with a ζ-potential value of −7.56 ± 0.88 mV. The entrapment efficiency of the active drug in particles was 42.4% ± 3.5%. POH-bearing PLGA microparticles were stable and released entrapped drug gradually over an extended time period. The in vitro efficacy of POH-bearing PLGA microparticles was evaluated by examining their differential cytotoxicity and assessing their ability to inhibit epidermoid carcinoma cell line (A253). The POH-based microparticles when administered to tumor-bearing animals caused greater tumor regression and increased survival rate (∼80%) as compared with the group receiving free form of POH (survival rate 40%). The superiority of POH-PLGA microparticles over free form of POH was further evident from their ability to modulate apoptosis-regulating factors

Quantitatively evaluating the effect of social barriers: a case-control study of family members' opposition and women's intention to use contraception in Pakistan.

BACKGROUND: Uptake of family planning services in Pakistan has remained slow over the past decade despite a rapid increase in availability and awareness, indicating that social barriers may be preventing uptake. Social barriers such as opposition by family members have largely been studied qualitatively; there is a lack of quantitative evidence about the effect of different family members' opposition on women's intention to use contraceptives. The objective of this study was to quantitatively evaluate the effect of family members' opposition to family planning on intention to use contraception amongst poor women in Pakistan who have physical access to family planning services. METHODS: An unmatched case control study (nested within a larger cohort study) was conducted in two public hospitals in Karachi, Pakistan. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to compare risk factors between women that were not intending to use any contraceptive methods in the future (cases) and women that were planning to use contraceptive methods (controls). RESULTS: 248 cases and 496 controls were included in the study. Negative contraceptive intent was associated with no knowledge of contraception (AOR = 3.79 [2.43-5.90]; p < 0.001), husband's opposition (AOR = 21.87 [13.21-36.21]; p < 0.001) and mother-in-law's opposition (AOR = 4.06 [1.77-9.30]; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first to quantitatively assess the effect of opposition by different family members on women's contraceptive intent in Pakistan. Our results indicate that of all family members, husband's opposition has the strongest effect on women's intention to use contraception, even when the women have knowledge of and physical access to family planning services